Phonograph Wikipedia.Edison cylinder phonograph, circa 1.Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured circa 1.A late 2.Prediction information for PPrize publishes an annual prediction list of the books that are most likely to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.Organizes and unites all employees both in the public and private sectors, in a democratic organization capable of acting on their behalf.Includes events, news, and.Read the latest stories about Tech on Fortune.Sports journalists and bloggers covering NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, MMA, college football and basketball, NASCAR, fantasy sports and more.News, photos, mock drafts, game.Difference Between Bully And Bully Scholarship Edition Free' title='Difference Between Bully And Bully Scholarship Edition Free' />The phonograph is a device, invented in 1.In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone as a trademark since 1.UK since 1.The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a record.To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound.In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listeners ears through stethoscope type earphones.Bully-1024x578.jpg' alt='Difference Between Bully And Bully Scholarship Edition Free' title='Difference Between Bully And Bully Scholarship Edition Free' />The phonograph was invented in 1.Thomas Edison.While other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds, Edisons phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound.His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder.A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill and dale groove in the foil.Alexander Graham Bells Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1.In the 1.Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining the term gramophone for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages.Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems.The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout most of the 2.From the mid 1.Records are still a favorite format for some audiophiles and by DJs and turntablists in hip hop music, electronic dance music and other styles.Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances.Some electronic dance music.DJs and music producers continue to release their recordings on vinyl records.The original recordings of musicians, which may have been recorded on tape or digital methods, are sometimes re issued on vinyl.TerminologyeditUsage of terminology is not uniform across the English speaking world see below.In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a turntable, record player, or record changer.When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup, turntables are often colloquially called decks.In later electric phonographs more often known since the 1.The term phonograph sound writing was derived from the Greek words phon, sound or voice and graph, writing.The similar related terms gramophone from the Greek gramma letter and phn voice and graphophone have similar root meanings.The roots were already familiar from existing 1.The new term may have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand in 1.The New York Times carried an advertisement for Professor Websters phonographic class, and in 1.New York State Teachers Association tabled a motion to employ a phonographic recorder to record its meetings.Cambiar Aspecto De Windows 7 Home Basic .Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of phonograph, but in common practice the word has come to mean historic technologies of sound recording, involving audio frequency modulations of a physical trace or groove.In the late 1. 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Phonograph, Gramophone, Graphophone, Zonophone and the like were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes very different i.Talking machine had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips a potential source of confusion both then and now.United KingdomeditIn British English, gramophone may refer to any sound reproducing machine using disc records, which were introduced and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company.Originally, gramophone was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1.English court decision6 decreed that it had become a generic term it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since.The term phonograph was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.Gramophone generally referred to a wind up machine.After the introduction of the softer vinyl records, 3.LPs long playing records and 4.EPs extended play recordings, the common name became record player or turntable.Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio radiogram and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes.From about 1.United StateseditIn American English, phonograph, properly specific to machines made by Edison, was sometimes used in a generic sense as early as the 1.But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to Emile Berliners upstart Gramophone, a very different machine which played discs.Talking machine was the comprehensive generic term, but in the early 2.By the time of the First World War, the mass advertising and popularity of the Victor Talking Machine Companys Victrolas a line of disc playing machines characterized by their concealed horns was leading to widespread generic use of the word victrola for any machine that played discs, which were however still called phonograph records or simply records, almost never victrola records.After electrical disc playing machines started appearing on the market during the second half of the 1.Manufacturers, however, typically advertised such combinations as radio phonographs.Portable record players no radio included, with a latched cover and an integrated power amplifier and loudspeaker, were fairly common as well, especially in schools and for use by children and teenagers.In the years following the Second World War, as hi fi high fidelity, monophonic and, later, stereo stereophonic component sound systems slowly evolved from an exotic specialty item into a common feature of American homes, the description of the record spinning component as a record changer which could automatically play through a stacked series of discs or a turntable which could hold only one disc at a time entered common usage.By about 1.So, the turntable emerged triumphant and retained its position to the end of the 2.Through all these changes, however, the discs have continued to be known as phonograph records or, much more commonly, simply as records.The brand name Gramophone was not used in the USA after 1.Grammy, as the name of the Grammy Awards.The Grammy trophy itself is a small rendering of a gramophone, resembling a Victor disc machine with a taper arm.Modern amplifier component manufacturers continue to label the input jack which accepts the output from a modern magnetic pickup cartridge as the phono input, abbreviated from phonograph.Boy and toy record player, 1.AustraliaeditIn Australian English, record player was the term turntable was a more technical term gramophone was restricted to the old mechanical i.British English.
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FYuBS96YU/0.jpg' alt='Office 2013 Serial All Versions Of Sans' title='Office 2013 Serial All Versions Of Sans' />Linda Lovelace Inside the life of the Deep Throat star.Story highlights.More than 1. 0 years after her death, Linda Lovelace remains a porn icon.Over the course of her career, she embraced and denounced Deep ThroatSome, like Larry Flynt, believe Lovelace was used as a sex slave by her husband CNNMore than 1.Linda Lovelace probably remains Americas best known porn star apologies to Jenna Jameson and Traci Lords.Its an unlikely distinction given that Lovelace by her own estimation only spent a total of two and a half weeks working in the adult film industry.But those two and a half weeks included shooting Deep Throat, the X rated film that turned into a pop culture phenomenon after its release in 1.It became the first adult film to cross over to mainstream audiences, earning an astounding 6.There are many reasons the film became such a breakout hit.Some have described Deep Throat as the first porno film that attempted to tell a story, albeit a ludicrous one.Deep Throat had a plot, said Darwin Porter, author of Inside Linda Lovelaces Deep Throat Degradation, Porno Chic and the Rise of Feminism.I mean, not a great plot, but a plot.It had certain comedy overtones to it, too, and this was very unusual and bizarre for a porno film at that time, Porter told CNN.Porter says Deep Throat also benefited from a legal and moral crusade waged against the film.So many people wanted to ban the film, beginning with the government and certainly Mayor John Lindsay of New York, Porter said.When Lindsay banned it in New York, he made the movie famous all over America.Hustler magazine publisher Larry Flynt offers a more straightforward explanation for the films broad appeal.He told CNN it amounted to fascination with Lovelaces gift for a particular sex act suggested by the films title.Flynt told CNN, I think its the unique talent shown during the film is what piqued a lot of excitement.The huge success of Deep Throat might lead some people to imagine that its star led a charmed life.But that was far from the case, to judge from the recent biopic, Lovelace, starring Amanda Seyfried in the title role.The film actually presents its audience with two versions of the Lovelace story.For most of the film, she is shown as being manipulated into porn by her then husband, Chuck Traynor.But in an darker version of events shown toward the films end from Lovelaces point of view, she is depicted as essentially a sex slave.Neither scenario is a happy one.Flynt, who says he knew Lovelace and Traynor, seems to believe the darker version.She was just being used every step of the way, he told CNN.It wasnt something where shed wake up every morning and think, I cant wait to get to work in the morning.That wasnt the situation.Flynt said Traynor prostituted Lovelace, forcing her to make adult films.That type of coercion did exist, he said.I think she was being very much controlled by Chuck Traynor.Thats why I refer to him as a pimp.But not everyone sees the matter as that black and white, including actor Chris Noth, who plays Deep Throat producer Anthony Romano in Lovelace.Im not clear if she was totally pushed into it, Noth told CNN.In the scope of what you can read and see about her, its hard to believe that situation in totality.Porter believes Lovelace was coerced into doing porn to a degree.The author says Lovelace demonstrated considerably more free will during the three years after Deep Throat, during which, he says, the actress capitalized on her fame to run with a celebrity crowd.She dated the top stars of Hollywood, and nobody forced her to do that, Porter said.Porter claims many a Hollywood luminary including John Wayne, Burt Lancaster, Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin was eager to ascertain whether Lovelaces sexual technique lived up to the legend.Porter says it was another member of the Rat Pack who helped her make the rounds of Hollywoods A list.Sammy Davis Jr. did more than anyone to make her the queen of porno chic, Porter said.He suggested that the in thing to do was to have a date with Linda Lovelace.He was virtually her publicist.Lovelace eventually renounced Deep Throat and Hollywood.She divorced Traynor, married another man, raised a family and lived, in her words, as a typical housewife.For a time, she publicly campaigned for the elimination of pornography.Linda Lovelace became a spokesman for the anti pornography movement, Porter noted.She was adopted by the leading feminists, the most important of whom was Gloria Steinem.This phase of Lovelaces life was to have been portrayed in the biopic.Demi Moore was cast to play Steinem, but she dropped out.The part then went to Sarah Jessica Parker, but her scenes were later cut from the film.Lovelace later split with the feminists.Linda felt that ultimately she was being used by them, Porter said.Lovelace, who preferred in later years to go by her married name, Linda Marciano, died in 2.Traynor, her ex husband, died a few months later of a heart attack.Toward the end of Lovelaces life, her views on pornography and Deep Throat continued to evolve.She started attending porno conventions and started selling Deep Throat memorabilia, Porter said.It was almost a turnaround, a reversal for her.As for her legacy, Flynt says Lovelace will always be an icon because she was in the right place at the right time.And that time, he said, was a turning point in the culture.At that point in our history the Supreme Court was trying to figure out how to deal with pornography, he told CNN.Suddenly 1. 6 millimeter film was available and it wasnt long before Beta and VHS became available and you could move these movies directly into the homes.So you see a very budding industry there in the 7.Porter also sees Lovelace as a historic figure. 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